Diabetes

The concept of "diabetes"It is customary to indicate a group of endocrine diseases that develop as a result of absolute or relative lack of hormone in the bodyinsulinSIn view of this condition, the patient manifests himselfHyperglycemia- a significant increase in the amount of glucose in human blood.Diabetic sugar is characterized by a chronic course.In the course of the development of the disease, a violation of metabolism as a whole occurs: it is disturbedgreasy.,protein.,carbohydrates.,mineralAndWater saltexchange.According to WHO statistics, about 150 million people are ill in the world of diabetes.By the way, not only humans but also animals, such as cats, are ill with diabetes.

The meaning of the word "diabetes" from the Greek language is "leakage".Therefore, the concept of "diabetes mellitus" means "loss of sugar".In this case, the main sign of the disease is shown - the release of sugar in the urine.To date, there are many studies on the causes of this disease, but the causes of the disease and its complications have not yet been established.

Diabetes

Diabetic sugar is also sometimes found in humans as one of the manifestations of the underlying disease.In this case we are talking aboutSymptomaticthat may occur against the background of the defeatthyroidorpancreas glands.,adrenal glands.,Pituitary glandSIn addition, this form of diabetes develops as the effects of treatment with some medicines.And if the treatment of the underlying disease is successful, then diabetes is cured.

Diabetic sugar is usually divided into two forms: thisType 1 diabetes. That is,Insulin -dependent, and tooType 2 diabetes. This isInsulin -dependentS

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is most commonly manifested in young people: as a rule, most of these patients are not thirty years old.About 10-15% of the total number of diabetes patients suffer from this form of the disease.Diabetic sugar in children is mainly manifested in this form.

The first type diabetes is a consequence of the damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.Very often this type of diabetes become ill after viral diseases -mumps.,viral hepatitis.,RustySOften appears diabetes of the first typeAutoimmune diseasebDue to the defect in the body's immune system.As a rule, in a person who is suffering from the first type of diabetes, unhealthy subtlety manifests.In the blood, sugar levels increase significantly.Patients with the first type of diabetes depend on the constant insulin injections that become vital.

Among diabetics, in general, patients with type 2 diabetes predominate.At the same time, about 15% of patients with this form of the disease have a normal weight and all others suffer from overweight.

Type 2 diabetes develops as a result of a radically different cause.In this case, with beta cells, enough or too much insulin, however, the tissues in the body lose the ability to accept their specific signal.In this case, insulin injections are not required for survival, but sometimes they are prescribed to control the patient's blood sugar.

The causes of diabetes

One of the forms of type 1 diabetes-"Insulin -dependent". The main cause of this form may be complications after viral infections, for example,flu.,herpes, and toocholelithiasisSFactors that contribute to type 2 diabetes disease"Insulin -dependent", are genetic predisposition, as well as diseases of the endocrine system and obesity.

The main reason for the manifestation of diabetes becomes disturbedCarbohydrate metabolism, which manifests itself due to the inability of the pancreas to produce the right amount of insulin hormone or to produce insulin of the required quality.There are many assumptions about the causes of such a condition.It is known for sure that diabetes is a disease that is not strict.There is a theory that the cause of the disease is genetic defects.It has been proven that a higher risk of the disease occurs in those people whose close relatives were ill with diabetes.The likelihood of the disease in people whose diabetes has been diagnosed with both parents is particularly high.

Experts determine another important factor that directly affects the possibility of diabetesobesitySIn this case, a person is accessible to correct his or her own weight, so you have to treat this problem with all the seriousness.

Another provocative factor is a number of diseases, the result of which is the defeatBeta cellsSFirst of all, we are talking aboutpancreatitis.,Diseases of other glands of the internal secretion.,Pancreas cancerS

Viral infections can serve as a type of trigger for the onset of diabetes.Viral infections "start" diabetes away from any case.People who are predisposed to the hereditary nature of diabetes and other arrangement factors have a much higher risk of getting sick due to infection.

In addition, doctors are defined as a predisposing factor to the factor.stressAnd emotional surge.Older people should remember the possibility of sick diabetes: the more adult a person becomes, the more likely the disease is.

At the same time, many people's assumption of the fact that in diabetes, those who like to constantly eat a lot of sugar and sweet products are at risk of getting sick in terms of a high probability of obesity in such people.

In more cases, diabetes mellitus in children and adults manifests as a consequence of certain hormonal disorders in the body, as well as damage to the pancreas due to alcohol abuse or taking some medicines.

Another assumption shows the viral nature of diabetes.So type 1 diabetes can occur due to viral damage to the beta cells of the pancreas by producing insulin.In response, the immune system producesantibodieswhich are calledislandS

To this day, however, there are many unclear points in the issue of determining the causes of diabetes.

Symptoms of diabetes

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus, first of all, are manifested by too intensive urine production.One begins to urinate not only often but also a lot (a phenomenon calledPolyuria).In view of such a phenomenon, the patient has manyThirstSAlong with urine stands outglucose, one loses calories.Therefore, a sign of diabetes mellitus will also be a very strong appetite due to the constant feeling of hunger.

Other unpleasant phenomena occur as symptoms of diabetes: severe fatigue,Drowsiness, The presence of itching in the perineum.The patient may freeze the limbs, and visual acuity gradually decreases.

The disease progresses and the following signs of diabetes are manifested.The patient notes that his wounds heal a lot harder, gradually the life of the body is inhibited as a whole.

It is important to take into account that the main signs of diabetes that everyone should pay attention to is the loss of vitality, a constant feeling of thirst, rapid excretion from the body with the urine of the fluid consumed.

Initially, however, the symptoms of diabetes mellitus may not occur at all and the disease can only be determined by laboratory tests.If the disease does not occur and a slightly increased content of sugar is detected in the blood and its presence in the urine occurs, then in a person it is diagnosedPredictual conditionSIt is characteristic of a very large number of people and after ten to fifteen years they develop type 2 diabetes. In this case, insulin does not perform a division functioncarbohydratesSAs a result, too little glucose enters the bloodstream, which is a source of energy.

Diagnosis

Diabetic sugar is manifested in a person gradually, so doctors distinguish three periods from their development.In people who are predisposed to the disease due to the presence of some risk factors, the so -called period is manifestedPrediabetSIf glucose is already absorbed with disorders but signs of the disease do not yet occur, then the patient is diagnosed with the periodhidden diabetesSThe third period is directly the development of the disease.

Laboratory tests are of particular importance for diagnosing diabetes in children and adults.When examining urine is foundacetoneAndsugarSThe fastest method of diagnosis is a blood test that determines the glucose content.In addition, this is the most reliable diagnostic method.

The higher accuracy of the studies guarantees the oral tolerance of glucose tolerance.Initially, it is necessary to determine what level of glucose in the patient's blood is on an empty stomach.Then one should drink a glass of water in which 75 grams of glucose are pre -dissolved.After two hours a second measurement is carried out.If the glucose content of the glucose content is from 3.3 to 7.0 mmol/l, then the glucose tolerance is disturbed as a result of more than 11.1 mmol/l, the patient is diagnosed with diabetes.

In addition, a blood test for diabetes is performed during diabetes diabetesGlycogenideTo determine the average blood sugar level for a long period (about 3 months).This method is also used to determine how effective the treatment of diabetes has been in the last three months.

Diabetes

Doctors prescribe a complete treatment of diabetes to support the normal blood glucose content.In this case, it is important to take into account that neitherhyperglycemia, that is, raising sugar levels, norHypoglycaemia, that is, his fall.

Throughout the day, the glucose content should be at the same level.Such support allows us to prevent the manifestation of complications of diabetes that attract life.It is therefore very important for a person to carefully control his own country and to be as disciplined as possible to therapy for the disease.Glucometer- This is a specially designed device that allows for independent measurement of blood glucose levels.To analyze, you need to take a drop of blood from your finger and apply it to a test strip.

It is important that the treatment of diabetes in children and adults begins as soon as a person is a diagnosis.The doctor defines the methods of treating diabetes mellitus, given what kind of diabetes the patient is being performed.

For the treatment of type 1 diabetes, it is important to provide replacement therapy with the hormone throughout life.For this day, a patient who has the first type of diabetes is diagnosed every day should have insulin injections.In this case, there are no other treatment options.Prior to determining the role of insulin in 1921, diabetes did not treat it.

There is a special classification of insulin, which is based on where the medicine comes from and what the duration of its action is.Distinguishbullish.,porkAndmanInsulin.Due to the detection of a number of side effects, bull insulin is used more today.The closest in structure to the person is pork insulin.The difference is in oneAmino acidSThe duration of the effects of insulins can beBriefly.,Average.,LongS

As a rule, the patient produces insulin for about 20-30 minutes before meals.It is placed in the thigh, shoulder or stomach subcutaneously until the injection site should alternate with each injection.

When insulin enters the bloodstream, it stimulates the process of glucose from blood to tissue.If there was an overdose, it is filled with hypoglycaemia.The symptoms of this condition are as follows: the patient has trembling, increased sweat separation, heart rhythm accelerates, one feels severe weakness.In this condition, one must quickly increase the glucose level, using a few tablespoons of sugar or a glass of fresh water.

The insulin administration scheme must be selected exclusively by a specialist, taking into account all the characteristics of the body as well as the image of his life.The choice of daily doses of insulin is made to match the physiological rate.Two -thirds of the doses of hormones are taken in the morning and afternoon, one third in the afternoon and at night.There are several different schemes for the introduction of injections, the feasibility of the use of which is determined by the doctor.Insulin dose correction is possible depending on a number of factors (diet, physical activity, characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism).An important role in determining the optimal intake of insulin is the independent measurement of glucose levels and keeping records of self -control.

In this case, the appropriate diet for diabetes is very necessary.It is important for the patient to take food according to a special scheme: three main meals and three additional.Diabetes feed takes into account the fact that blood glucose content is most increased by carbohydrates.However, no severe restriction on their use is required.Given the normal weight of the person, it is important to take into account the amount of carbohydrates to choose the right dose of insulin.

If a person has a second type of diabetes, then you cannot take medication at the beginning of the disease.In this case, it is an important diet for diabetes, which provides minimizing the use of simple carbohydrates and a competent approach to exercise.If diabetes progresses, drug therapy is required.The doctor prescribes treatment with sugar without sugar.He selects appropriate medicines from derivativesSulfonelmochevina.,Prandial regulators of glycemiaSThey help increase the sensitivity to the tissue insulinBiguanides(Drugs also reduce the absorption of glucose in the intestine) andThiazolidindoSIn the absence of the effect of treatment with these drugs, patients are prescribed through insulin therapy.

Diabetes also practices folk recipes that stimulate a decrease in blood sugar.For this purpose, a decoction of herbs that have such properties are used.It is a sheet of blueberries, linen seeds, leafy wings, laurel sheet, juniper fruits and learning, bircot root, two -domnary nettle leaves and more.Herbs are taken several times a day before eating.

Diabetes

For patientssugarType 1 diabetesThe main treatment of diabetes is insulin injections and the diet serves as a significant addition to medication treatment, while for patientsType 2 diabetes- Diet diet based on a diet is the main method of treatment.As the normal functioning of the development of diabetes is impairedpancreas, leads to a decrease in the production of insulin, which is involved in the assimilation of sugar from the body, then proper nutrition and diet are of great importance.Diabetes diet is used to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and prevent fat metabolism.

What should be the food:

• Frequent and regular meals (preferably4-5 timesper day, approximately at the same time), it is advisable to distribute the use of carbohydrates according to meals;
• Food should be richmacro-Andtrace elements(zinc, calcium, phosphorus, potassium) and alsovitamins(B vitamins, A, P, ascorbic acid, retinol, riboflavin, thiamine);
• The food must be diverse;
• sugarIt is worth replacingsorbitol, xylitis, fructose, aspartameorsugarwhich can be added to suitable food and drinks;
• You can use before1.5 litersfluids per day;
• Preferences should be given to difficult to digest carbohydrates (vegetables, fruits, bread of coarse flour), products containing fiber (raw vegetables, beans, peas, oats) and limiting the use of cholesterol -rich products - egg yolks, liver, kidneys;
• The diet should be observed strictly so as not to provoke the development or exacerbation of the disease.

Diabetes diet does not prohibit sugar, and in some cases recommends the following products in the diet:

• Black or specialDiabetic bread(200-300 g per day);
• vegetable soups, cabbage soup, octos, beets;
• Soups prepared on meat broth can be consumed 2 times a week;
• Low fat meat (beef, veal, rabbit), poultry (turkey, chicken meat), fish (pike perch, cod, pike) (approximately 100-150 g per day) in boiled, baked or pouring shape;
• Useful cereal dishes (buckwheat, oatmeal, millet) and pasta, legumes can be consumed any other day;
• Potatoes, carrots and beets - no more than 200 g.per day;
• Other vegetables - cabbage, including colored, cucumbers, spinach, tomatoes, eggplant, and green, can be consumed without restrictions;
• Eggs can be no more than 2 pieces;
• 200-300 g on the day of apples, oranges, lemons is possible in the form of cellulose juices;
• Dairy products (kefir, yogurt) -1-2 cups a day and cheese, milk and sour cream with the permission of the doctor;
• Low fat cheese is recommended to consume daily at 150-200 g per day in any form;
• Fat per day can be consumed up to 40 g.Warm oil and vegetable oil.

The drinks are allowed to drink black, green tea, low coffee, juices, composites of the berries of acid varieties with the addition of Xilitis or sorbitol, decoction in the police and mineral water.

It is important for people with diabetes.Easily digestible carbohydratesSSuch products include sugar, honey, sweet, pastry, sweets, chocolate.The use of cakes, muffins, fruits - bananas, raisins, grapes is strictly limited.It is also worth minimizing the useFatty foods, first of all, fats, vegetables and butter, fatty meat, sausage, mayonnaise.It is also better to exclude fried, sharp, spicy and smoked dishes, sharp snacks, salted and marinated vegetables, cream, alcohol from the diet.Salt salt per day can be consumed no more than 12 g.

Diabetes

Diabetes diet should be observed without failure.The characteristics of the diet in diabetes in this case suggest the normalization of carbohydrate metabolism in the human body and at the same time facilitates the functioning of the pancreas.The diet excludes easily digestible carbohydrates, limits usefatSPeople with diabetes should consume many vegetables, but at the same time limit foods and salt containing cholesterol.The food should be baked and cooked.

It is recommended that a patient with diabetes eat a lot of cabbage, tomatoes, zucchini, herbs, cucumbers, beets.Instead of sugar, patients with diabetes can eat xylitis, sorbitol, fructose.At the same time, it is necessary to limit the amount of potatoes, bread, cereals, carrots, fats, honey.

It is forbidden to eat pastry sweets, chocolate, sweets, sweets, bananas, spicy, smoked, ram and pork fat, mustard, alcohol, grapes, raisins.

You should always take food at the same time, food intake cannot be gone.Food should contain a lot of fiber.For this purpose, it should periodically include legumes, rice, oats, buckwheat in the diet.Every day a patient with diabetes should drink plenty of fluids.

Diet # 9

Dietetologists have developed a special diet recommended as a primary diet for diabetes.The characteristic of diet # 9 is that it can be adapted to the individual flavors of the patient, adding or excluding some dishes as desired.Diabetes diet creates conditions for normalizing carbohydrate metabolism, helps maintain the patient's effectiveness and is developed, taking into account the severity of the disease, concomitant diseases, weight and energy costs.There is also a diet # 9a, which is used as the basis for compilation of diet atdiabetesSAs well as in forms with concomitant obesity of varying degrees in patients who do not receive insulin, and No. 9b, with an increased rate of protein consumption, for patients with severe diabetes who receive insulin treatment of diabetes and have additional physical activity.SevereOften complicated by liver disease, gall bladder, pancreas.

Diet # 9Includes approximately such a diet:

• First breakfast(for work, 7 am): buckwheat porridge, meat paste or low fat guinea;Tea on xlet, bread with butter.
• Lunch(During noon, 12 hours of the day): cottage cheese, 1 cup of kefir.
• Dinner(After work, 17 hours of the day): vegetable soup, potatoes with boiled meat, one apple or orange.Or: wipe cabbage soup, boiled meat with stewed carrots, Xylita tea.
• Dinner(20 hours in the evening): boiled fish with cabbage or potato pins, a decoction of the police.
• Before you go to bed, a glass of yogurt or yogurt.

Diabetes

The prevention of diabetes ensures the maintenance of the most healthy lifestyle.You should not allow extra pounds, constantly exercise and exercise.Everyone should reduce the use of fats and sweets.If a person is already forty or in his family, there are cases of diabetes, then preventing sugar for diabetes provides a regular blood sugar test.

You should try to consume a lot of fruits and vegetables every day, include more products in a high -complex -of -complex diet.It is equally important to keep track of how much salt and sugar enters the daily diet - in this case the abuse is not allowed.There should be many products containing vitamin in the diet.

In addition, it is important to constantly be in a mental balance to prevent diabetes to avoid stressful situations.In addition, a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism is manifested as a result of increased pressure, so it is very important to prevent this condition in advance.

Complications of diabetes

Diabetes complications that occur if the treatment of diabetes is not performed are a particular danger to human health and life or is improperly performed.Due to such complications, a fatal result is often the case.It is common to distinguish between the acute complications of diabetes that develop rapidly in the patient, as well as late complications that occur several years later.

Acute complications of diabetes are manifestedComa: In this condition, the patient loses consciousness, he has disrupted the function of a number of organs - liver, kidneys, heart, nervous system.The causes of coma development are a strong changeacidityBlood, disturbance of the ratio of salts and water in the body, the manifestation of lactic acid in large quantities, a sharp decrease in the blood of glucose levels.

Because late complications of diabetes often damage the small vessels of the kidneys and eyes.If a large court is affectedstroke.,Myocardial infarction.,Gangrene legsSThe human nervous system also suffers.